Hypoxia increases muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training.

Nishimura A, Sugita M, Kato K, Fukuda A, Sudo A, Uchida A.

Source

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu City, Mie Prefecture, Japan.

Abstract

PURPOSE:

Recent studies have shown that low-intensity resistance training with vascular occlusion (kaatsu training) induces muscle hypertrophy. A local hypoxic environment facilitates muscle hypertrophy during kaatsu training. We postulated that muscle hypertrophy can be more efficiently induced by placing the entire body in a hypoxic environment to induce muscle hypoxia followed by resistance training.

METHODS:

Fourteen male university students were randomly assigned to hypoxia (Hyp) and normoxia (Norm) groups (n = 7 per group). Each training session proceeded at an exercise intensity of 70% of 1 repetition maximum (RM), and comprised four sets of 10 repetitions of elbow extension and flexion. Students exercised twice weekly for 6 wk and then muscle hypertrophy was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and muscle strength was evaluated based on 1RM.

RESULTS:

Muscle hypertrophy was significantly greater for the Hyp-Ex (exercised flexor of the hypoxia group) than for the Hyp-N (nonexercised flexor of the hypoxia group) or Norm-Ex flexor (P < .05, Bonferroni correction). Muscle hypertrophy was significantly greater for the Hyp-Ex than the Hyp-N extensor. Muscle strength was significantly increased early (by week 3) in the Hyp-Ex, but not in the Norm-Ex group.

CONCLUSION:

This study suggests that resistance training under hypoxic conditions improves muscle strength and induces muscle hypertrophy faster than under normoxic conditions, thus representing a promising new training technique.

More Local Doping

The thing that pisses me off about this is after reading his admission in his personal blog:

http://www.dartadventure.com/index.php/teamnews/136-a-cautionary-tale

1.  He is a very experienced Professional Adventure Racer who knows all about sleep depravation and its affects and I would bet, especially how Modafinil works, was he taking it just because he had to wake up earl or because his professional sport was all about sleep depravation.

2.  He owns a suplement company and his whole business is about what people put into their bodies.  He has to know this is an illegal stimulant.

3.  His website talks all about his supplements being WADA and USADA legal so he must have investigated the list at some point but claimed in his blog that he didn't.

Make up your own mind but I think the excuses are BS.

Cycling Athlete Accepts Sanction For Anti-Doping Rule Violation

According to the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), Cyril Jay-Rayon of Los Angeles, Calif., an athlete in the sport of cycling, has tested positive for a prohibited substance and has accepted a sanction for his anti-doping rule violation.

The 46-year-old provided a urine sample on September 30, 2012, during an in-competition test, at the 24 Hour Nationals in Colorado Springs, Colo., that resulted in an adverse analytical finding for the stimulant Modafinil. Modafinil is prohibited in-competition under the USADA Protocol for Olympic and Paralympic Movement Testing and the International Cycling Union (UCI) anti-doping rules, both of which have adopted the World Anti-Doping Code ("Code") and the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List.

The 18-month period of ineligibility of Jay-Rayon ineligibility began on October 23, 2012, the date he accepted a provisional suspension. As a result of his anti-doping rule violation, the U.S. cycling athlete has been disqualified from all competitive results obtained on and subsequent to September 30, 2012, the date his sample was collected, including forfeiture of any medals, points and prizes.

"Although I used Provigil for work and not to enhance my athletic performance, I should have been more aware about the substances I put in my body before competition," said Jay-Rayon. "I would like to apologize to my fellow competitors and the race organizers for my carelessness."

Red Kite Crit # 2

Prime Winner Red Kite Crit 5/11/2013

Some Vino or my super supporter. Took a prime in a 6 lap breakaway. Dropped both breakaway companions to take the prime solo.

Finished 12th in the Cat 2/3, jumped way too early, should have waited a few hundred yards.

Finished 10th in the Pro 1/2 with a strong sprint. Could have moved up further on last lap.

Currently placed 4th in the Cat 2/3 Omnium and 11th in the Pro 1/2 Omnium.

Cats Hill Pro/1/2. Digging a hole.

This was a day that should stand as an example of how not to prepare for a hard Crit.
I went out for dinner with some great friends on Friday night which lead to a couple of glasses of wine and a very late night. It had been a stressful and busy week ending with a late departure from the office and spending 2 hours in the car getting to dinner.
Fast forward to Saturday AM. I got up around 8 and prepared my bike for the afternoon race. I started with changing the big chain ring to a 50 tooth and putting a 11-27 on the wheel. This would allow me to big ring the climb without having to change down into the little ring. One the bike was ready I started digging the trench in the back yard to replace the cracked sewer pipe. I'd been doing 20 minutes a day all week and wanted to keep things going.
After 20 minutes of digging I stopped to make breakfast of the usual cheeses omelet with avocado.
After breakfast I decided it the perfect day to change the rear shock absorbers on the truck. The original ones were leaking after 85K hard miles. I'd ordered the replacement Shocks the week before and they were in the way sitting on the garage floor. So this involved jacking up the car and spending an hour crawling underneath removing and replacing the shocks. Once this was done I cleaned the leaves out of the pool and I was ready for a nap. I tried to nap and watch a little bike racing but it was one of those days when the nap wouldn't come.
I'd been texting Cyrus about riding to the race. It was a 1.5 hour ride to get to the start and we decided to meet at Page and Foothill at 3:15 PM.
We arrived at the race with 30 minutes to spare, just enough time to reg and get our numbers pinned on. Dirk was at the registration area and gave me some pre race advice. He told me to hold back for the first 10 laps and just see how things played out. He also said that I should stay to the left on the descent around the park. All of this was great advice, I wish he'd told me to avoid the wine on Friday night and relax on Saturday AM. That would have been very helpful.
I swear that the race official said the race would be 60 minutes while we were standing on the start line. The race started fairly fast and I hung around the back of the pack or the first few laps. The first time I hit the climb I was having trouble keeping the front wheel on the ground. I was pushing hard in the 50x27 and the front of the bike just felt very light. I made up a bunch of places on the climb and lap after lap I was gaining on people every time up the climb. By about lap 10 I was in the top 20 just as Dirk had described. I decided to just try and maintain this position and see how things went. I was having no double on the climb, it actually felt easy but the descent was super hard and the pavement was rough. Gaps would open up coming into the start finish and the wind made this part of the course the most difficult.




Things were good, I was 30 minutes in when I looked at the time for the first time. WOW half way through and I was feeling fine. I'd only had half of one of the bottles on the bike so with only 30 minutes remaining I threw away one of the full bottles. That would make me lighter on the hill for sure.
Things were going fine but I was watching the clock and we were at 59 minutes and the lap cards still showed 0. When we're they going to start the lap countdown? This race was 60 minutes right? Wrong. The next lap they flipped the lap board and showed 9 to go. 9 to go! Crap, I was out of water and needed something to drink. This was going to be a long 9 laps.
I was watching the lap cards come down and with 5 to go I was starting to fade. I looked ahead a it seems like there were only 25 guys ahead of me. I looked back and there was no one behind me. We'd lost half the field! I was cramping a little on the climb and struggling a little to stay on during the descent. At this point things got really fast and with 4 to go I was unable to get back onto the group coming through the start finish. I tried to get back but the field was riding away and I'd hit the wall. I went up the climb off the back of the group with the crowd cheering but that was the end of my race. I rode around to the bottom of the climb again to find Hailey and then went to the finish to see how the race ended. I'd made it all the way to the final 4 laps but failed to finish. This was my first DNF of the year and given my poor preparation I'm surprised I made it that far.
I was dehydrated and had cramped which was unusual for me. If only I hadn't thrown the bottle away I may have been able to hang on. If only I'd rested and not drank so much wine. Oh well, we'll see what happens next year. I'm very happy with how well it went. I was certainly fast enough to have done well, I just needed to prepare better. So to finish of the day I rode home from the race for another 1.5 hours.
So next year I'll rest and hydrate properly and see how it goes.
Breakfast: omelet
Lunch pre race: veggie burgers in tortillas. 2:00 was too late for these. Should have had them at 12:30.
Race: 1 bottle, 1 gel.